Guidelines Outline

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    4. Lumba-Brown A, Yeates Keith O, Sarmiento K, Breiding Matthew J, Haegerich Tamara M, Gioia Gerard A, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):1-13. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2853.
    5. Hingley S, Ross J. Guidelines for diagnosing and managing paediatric concussion: Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation guideline. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2016;101(2):58-60. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307252.
    6. Babl FE, Tavender E, Dalziel S. Australian and New Zealand guideline for mild to moderate head injuries in children – Full guideline. Melbourne: Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative; 2021.
    7. McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio S, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport-the 5(th) international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):838-47. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699.
    8. Silverberg ND, Iaccarino MA, Panenka WJ, Iverson GL, McCulloch KL, Dams-O’Connor K, et al. Management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury: A synthesis of practice guidelines. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(2):382-93. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2019.10.179.
    9. Fervers B, Burgers JS, Voellinger R, Brouwers M, Browman GP, Graham ID, et al. Guideline adaptation: an approach to enhance efficiency in guideline development and improve utilisation. BMJ Qual Saf. 2011;20(3):228-36. doi: 10.1136/bmjqs.2010.043257.
    10. Feigin VL, Theadom A, Barker-COllo S, Starkey NJ. Incidence of TBI in New Zealand: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(1):53-64. doi:
    11. Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, Andelic N, Bell MJ, Belli A, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):987-1048. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30371-X.
    12. Browne GJ, Dimou S. Concussive head injury in children and adolescents. Aust Fam Physician. 2016;45(7):470-6. doi:
    13. Zhang AL, Sing DC, Rugg CM, Feeley BT, Senter C. The rise of concussions in the adolescent population. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4(8):2325967116662458. doi: 10.1177/2325967116662458.
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    16. Seabury SA, Gaudette E, Goldman DP, Markowitz AJ, Brooks J, McCrea MA, et al. Assessment of follow-up care after emergency department presentation for mild traumatic brain injury and concussion: Results from the TRACK-TBI Study. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(1):e180210. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0210.
    17. Bosch M, McKenzie JE, Ponsford JL, Turner S, Chau M, Tavender EJ, et al. Evaluation of a targeted, theory-informed implementation intervention designed to increase uptake of emergency management recommendations regarding adult patients with mild traumatic brain injury: results of the NET cluster randomised trial. Implement Sci. 2019;14(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s13012-018-0841-7.
    18. Tavender EJ, Bosch M, Fiander M, Knott JC, Gruen RL, O’Connor D. Implementation research in emergency medicine: a systematic scoping review. Emerg Med J. 2016;33(9):652-9. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2015-205053.
    19. Silverberg ND, Iverson GL, members ABISIGMTTF, Cogan A, Dams OCK, Delmonico R, et al. The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine diagnostic criteria for mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2023;104(8):1343-55. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2023.03.036.
    20. Davis GA, Patricios J, Schneider KJ, Iverson GL, Silverberg ND. Definition of sport-related concussion: the 6th International Conference on Concussion in Sport. Brit J Sports Med. 2023;57(11):617-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106650.
    21. Treleaven J. Dizziness, unsteadiness, visual disturbances, and sensorimotor control in traumatic neck pain. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2017;47(7):492-502. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2017.7052.
    22. Barlow KM. Postconcussion syndrome: a review. J Child Neurol. 2016;31(1):57-67. doi: 10.1177/0883073814543305.
    23. Barlow KM, Crawford S, Stevenson A, Sandhu SS, Belanger F, Dewey D. Epidemiology of postconcussion syndrome in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics. 2010;126(2):e374-e81. doi:
    24. Nelson LD, Temkin NR, Dikmen S, Barber J, Giacino JT, Yuh E, et al. Recovery after mild traumatic brain injury in patients presenting to US Level I Trauma Centers: A transforming research and clinical knowledge in traumatic brain injury (TRACK-TBI) study. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(9):1049-59. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1313.
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    26. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A, Cameron P, Kelly AM, Nelms R, et al. Impact of early intervention on outcome following mild head injury in adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(3):330-2. doi:
    27. Ponsford J, Willmott C, Rothwell A, Cameron P, Ayton G, Nelms R, et al. Impact of early intervention on outcome after mild traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatrics. 2001;108(6):1297-303. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.6.1297.
    28. Galbraith H, Quesnele J, Kenrick-Rochon S, Grenier S, Baldisera T. What are the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding concussion of primary care physicians and family resident physicians in rural communities? J Concussion. 2020;4. doi: 10.1177/2059700220974548.
    29. Marshall S, Lithopoulos A, Curran D, Fischer L, Velikonja D, Bayley M. Living concussion guidelines: Guideline for concussion and prolonged symptoms for adults 18 years or older 2023 [Available from: https://concussionsontario.org.
    30. Zemek R, Reed N, Dawson J, Ledoux AA. Living guideline for pediatric concussion care 2023 [Available from: www.pedsconcussion.com; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/3VWN9.
    31. Lumba-Brown A, Yeates KO, Sarmiento K, Breiding MJ, Haegerich TM, Gioia GA, et al. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on the diagnosis and management of mild traumatic brain injury among children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(11):e182853. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.2853.
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    34. NZ Accident Compensation Corporation. Sport concussion in New Zealand: National guidelines. Wellington: NZ ACC; 2024.
    35. UK Government. If in doubt, sit them out. UK concussion guidelines for non-elite (grassroots) sport. London: UK Government; 2023.
    36. World Rugby. Putting players first. Concussion guidance. World Rugby; 2023.
    37. Australian Institute of Sport. Australian concussion guidelines for youth and community sport. Canberra: Australian Institute of Sport, Australasian College of Sport & Exercise Physicians, Sports Medicine Australia and Australian Physiotherapy Association; 2024.
    38. Parachute. Canadian guideline on concussion in sport. Toronto: Parachute; 2017.
    39. Carney N, Ghajar J, Jagoda A, Bedrick S, Davis-O’Reilly C, du Coudray H, et al. Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators. Neurosurgery. 2014;75 Suppl 1:S3-15. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0000000000000433.
    40. Patricios J, Fuller GW, Ellenbogen R, Herring S, Kutcher JS, Loosemore M, et al. What are the critical elements of sideline screening that can be used to establish the diagnosis of concussion? A systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):888-94. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097441.
    41. Davis GA, Makdissi M, Bloomfield P, Clifton P, Echemendia RJ, Falvey EC, et al. International consensus definitions of video signs of concussion in professional sports. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(20):1264-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100628.
    42. Kuppermann N, Holmes JF, Dayan PS, Hoyle JD, Jr., Atabaki SM, Holubkov R, et al. Identification of children at very low risk of clinically-important brain injuries after head trauma: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1160-70. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61558-0.
    43. Cnossen MC, Winkler EA, Yue JK, Okonkwo DO, Valadka AB, Steyerberg EW, et al. Development of a Prediction Model for Post-Concussive Symptoms following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A TRACK-TBI Pilot Study. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(16):2396-409. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4819.
    44. Booker J, Sinha S, Choudhari K, Dawson J, Singh R. Description of the predictors of persistent post-concussion symptoms and disability after mild traumatic brain injury: the SHEFBIT cohort. Br J Neurosurg. 2019;33(4):367-75. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2019.1598542.
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    53. Miller KJ, Ivins BJ, Schwab KA. Self-reported mild TBI and postconcussive symptoms in a peacetime active duty military population: effect of multiple TBI history versus single mild TBI. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2013;28(1):31-8. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e318255ceae.
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